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| Author | : Eugenia Conti |
| Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
| Total Pages | : 220 |
| Release | : 2022-09-14 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 2889769526 |
| Author | : Michael Fitzgerald |
| Publisher | : BoD – Books on Demand |
| Total Pages | : 196 |
| Release | : 2021-06-09 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 1838810056 |
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex condition that has extreme heterogeneity, which makes it extremely challenging from a diagnostic and etiological point of view. To add to the complexity, ASD typically has co-morbidity and overlap with other conditions outlined in this book, including epilepsy, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and others. This book also examines monocyte cytokine profiles and catecholamines in ASD, genetic studies of autism, treatments, and controversial issues.
| Author | : Roberto Canitano |
| Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
| Total Pages | : 175 |
| Release | : 2017-08-30 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 2889452662 |
This Research Topic has the aim to fill the gap of the many unresolved scientific issues on Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) that are still in need of investigation, Targeted treatments based on the understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of disease are still lacking. Further research is awaited and should be obtained through a significant effort on experimental treatment trials and neuroscience research. This Topic is divided in two main sections, one covering clinical issues and another on basic neurosciences of Autism Spectrum Disorders. A more detailed description of the contents of the articles is provided in the editorial at the beginning of the issue.
| Author | : Roberto Canitano |
| Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
| Total Pages | : 191 |
| Release | : 2020-07-03 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 2889638693 |
| Author | : Valsamma Eapen |
| Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
| Total Pages | : 95 |
| Release | : 2015-12-10 |
| Genre | : Autism |
| ISBN | : 2889196801 |
This Research Topic covers the pathogenetic processes in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) that underpin the translation of genetic vulnerability to clinically significant symptoms. Available research data in ASD suggests that it is a neural connectivity disorder and that the social communication and related neurobehavioural symptoms result from reduced synchronization between key "social brain" regions. These interconnected neural systems can be understood through the relationship between functionally relevant anatomic areas and neurochemical pathways, the programming of which are genetically modulated during neurodevelopment and mediated through a range of epigenetic and environmental modulators. Elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms can provide an invaluable window for understanding the neural wiring that regulates higher brain functions and consequent clinical phenotypes. In keeping with the multi modal and diverse origins of ASD, this Research Topic explores the genetic underpinnings and environmental modulation in the aetiology; neural substrates, biomarkers and endophenotypes that underlie clinical characteristics; as well as neurochemical pathways and pathophysiological mechanisms that pave the way for therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, since genetically mediated deficits and consequent functional impairments involve activity-dependent synapse development that depends on postnatal learning and experience, the trajectory towards the final clinical expression could be modulated by early interventions that exploit the neuronal maturation and brain plasticity. However, identifying these diverse pathogenetic processes and tailoring interventions would require subtyping ASD into homogeneous subgroups. In this regard, this topic covers the current state of evidence in the literature through topic reviews as well as ongoing original work that provides tangible hypotheses and directions for future research.
| Author | : M. Créteil |
| Publisher | : Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers |
| Total Pages | : 178 |
| Release | : 2015-02-11 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 3318026026 |
Accurate and exhaustive, this book provides a wide overview of the current knowledge on phenotypes, mechanisms and treatment of autism spectrum disorders. It covers topics on diagnostic issues, comorbid conditions and therapeutic strategies along with a detailed discussion on the actual understanding of the pathophysiology of autism disorders. More specifically, this book reviews in detail the current knowledge on the comorbidity between mental and medical disorders, describes abnormal cognitive and social development and gives a thorough overview on genetic as well as brain imaging abnormalities observed in autism spectrum disorders. In addition, the current literature on environmental risk factors which may provide an explanation for the increased prevalence of autism is being described. The last chapter gives an extensive review of early detection and early therapeutic interventions encompassing psycho-social and pharmacological strategies. Each chapter is easy to read and gives the reader access to the most important information on each topic covered. This book provides innovative reading material for medical students, psychologists, researchers and clinicians who need accurate information on the best available diagnostic and therapeutic strategies as well as on up-to-date research data.
| Author | : Jason M. Fogler |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 288 |
| Release | : 2018-11-29 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 3030005038 |
This book examines the diagnostic overlap and frequent confusion between the newly named DSM-5 diagnostic categories of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), which include autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and trauma and stressor related disorders (TSRDs). These conditions are similar in that a) children with developmental disorders are particularly vulnerable to traumatic events and b) all have pervasive effects on the brain and development. Chapters provide a wealth of effective clinical, family, and school-based interventions, developed from established studies and important new findings. In addition, chapters use illustrative case studies to survey assessment challenges in today’s healthcare climate and consider alternative routes for improving correct diagnoses, identifying appropriate interventions, and referring proper targeted, evidence-based treatment and services. The book concludes with the editors’ recommendations for needs-based service access, including a more widespread use and acceptance of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) framework. Topics featured in this book include: The neurobiological contributors to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) and its diagnosis in children with a history of trauma. Interventions for trauma and stressor-related disorders in preschool-aged children. Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis and care in a cultural context. Special population consideration in ASD identification and treatment. Challenges associated with the transition to adulthood. Trauma and neurodevelopmental disorders from a public health perspective. Trauma, Autism, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders is a must-have resource for researchers, clinicians and related professionals, and graduate students in developmental psychology, child and adolescent psychiatry, public health, social work, pediatrics, and special education.
| Author | : Andreas M. Grabrucker |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 117 |
| Release | : 2021 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Autism spectrum disorders are developmental disorders. Individuals with autism spectrum disorders develop differently. These differences are usually present in social interaction, communication, and sensory processing, and become visible through a wide variety of behavioral responses that differ from individuals without autism spectrum disorders. Despite significant research efforts, the exact causes of autism spectrum disorders remain poorly understood; however, researchers have gained extensive insights into possible pathomechanisms, even at the molecular level of cells. Many diagnostic criteria have been developed, adapted, and improved. The eight chapters in this book highlight the current state-of-the-art in many areas of autism spectrum disorders. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders and the current knowledge of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Chapter 2 summarizes the diagnostic criteria and procedures and highlights present and upcoming therapeutic strategies. Chapter 3 reviews the adverse events and trauma in people with autism spectrum disorders. Chapters 4 and 5 focus on atypical sensory processing, and Chapter 6 discusses the genetic overlap of autism spectrum disorders with other neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, and schizophrenia. Chapter 7 focuses on the contribution of abnormalities in mitochondria, and chapter 8 discusses gut-brain interactions and a potential role for microbiota in autism spectrum disorders. This book is aimed primarily at clinicians and scientists, but many areas will also be of interest to the layperson.
| Author | : Leanna Hernandez |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 192 |
| Release | : 2018 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a heritable neurodevelopmental disorder in which manifestations of behavioral symptomology vary widely. Core behavioral deficits associated with the disorder include impairments in social communication and social interactions, along with the presence of repetitive patterns of behavior, restricted interests, and/or altered sensory responsivity to external stimuli. The last decade has seen the rate of ASD diagnosis rise to an estimated 1 in every 59 children, making early diagnosis and effective treatment a critical public health concern. However, the neurobiological and phenotypic heterogeneity present in individuals with ASD makes discerning ASD etiologies and developing effective treatments very challenging. This dissertation seeks to examine the neurobiological underpinnings of ASD from a multidimensional perspective - investigating how brain function and connectivity are altered in ASD and how they vary among affected individuals, which may ultimately contribute to the development of targeted, individualized treatment. Chapter 1 provides an Introduction to the research conducted in the following chapters and gives a review of the neurobiological basis of ASD, describing neuroimaging findings related to altered brain structure, function, and connectivity. Chapter 2 describes a study which investigated how functional connectivity of the brain's reward network varies as a function of genetic heterogeneity in a predominantly male cohort of youth with and without ASD. Using a seed in the subcortical hub of the reward network, the nucleus accumbens, this study showed that genetic variability in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) is linked to distinct patterns of reward network connectivity in neurotypical children and in children with ASD. In ASD youth, increased genetic risk in the OXTR was associated with reduced within network connectivity, whereas neurotypical youth showed compensatory upregulation of connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex. These findings elucidate the neural mechanisms of risk and resilience in youth with and without autism. Chapter 2 describes a related study which used an imaging-genetics approach to examine sex-differences in ASD by investigating gender-specific effects of OXTR variants on reward network connectivity. Here, the results showed that under the same OXTR genetic risk load, females with ASD and neurotypical males display similar neuroplastic upregulation of functional connectivity between the reward network and frontal brain regions, with identical positive effects on social behavior. In addition, variability in the OXTR had distinct effects in male and female ASD youth, underscoring the importance of including females in studies of gene-brain interactions in ASD. Finally, Chapter 3 presents data from a study which explored how behavioral variability in auditory sensory responsivity affects discourse processing and social attention in youth with and without ASD. Study findings showed that in neurotypical youth, listening to conversations shrouded in distracting environmental noises was associated with increased activity in canonical left hemisphere language regions, likely reflecting the automatic engagement of selective attention mechanisms due to the social salience of speech. Conversely, in ASD youth with high levels of auditory sensory over-responsivity, listening to such conversations was associated with recruitment of contralateral right hemisphere language homologues, reflecting the increased difficulty of processing the speech signal in the context of competing auditory input. These data indicate that youth with and without ASD, particularly ASD youth with high auditory sensitivity, use different neural mechanisms to "hone-in" on socially relevant information in the presence of distracting stimuli, suggesting that the intrinsic salience of speech is disrupted in individuals with ASD and high sensory-over responsivity.
| Author | : Christine M. Freitag |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2022 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with onset in early childhood. While highly heterogeneous, the core manifestations always include persistent difficulties in social interaction and communication, as well as a pattern of restricted interests, repetitive behaviours, and abnormal sensory processing [1]. In addition, psychiatric comorbidity is high [2], and there are genetic risk overlaps with some other mental and neurodevelopmental disorders. In the vast majority of cases, the condition persists into adulthood [3], albeit with various behavioural features and variable mental and somatic comorbidity over a given lifespan. ASD is associated with high societal, educational, and health care costs, and, in many cases, a dramatic impact on the quality of life of patients and their families. ASDs are highly heritable [4], and a multitude of genetic studies have been published. In addition, more recent reviews also emphasize the role of genetic and environmental factors in the pathophysiology of ASD [5,6], which are mediated by lasting epigenetic changes. The genetic architecture of ASD comprises common and rare variations as well as cytogenetic disturbances, such as copy number variations, translocations, inversions, and numerical chromosomal aberrations [7]. Based on the genes affected and the respective functional effects, the idea of personalised medicine is to eventually use that information for the development of targeted treatments or towards the ability to predict the response to a specific intervention, mainly pharmacological but also psychosocial, given the individual's genetic and environmental risk constellation. The current Special Issue aims to highlight some core aspects regarding basic and applied science approaches in advancing this field of science. Currently, psychopharmacological treatment in ASD can improve many comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or aggressive behaviour, and the core symptoms of restricted and repetitive behaviours [8,9]. No pharmacological options targeting social interaction and communication are available. Social communication and other strongly relevant targets of intervention in ASD [10], such as adaptive behaviour, cognitive and language development, or quality of life may be improved by early behavioural intervention [11]. Still, individual outcomes are highly variable, even with the same kind of psychosocial intervention approach. A better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this broad range of symptoms and abilities, as well as their longitudinal course, is a crucial first step towards the development of personalised treatments. Given the heterogeneity regarding the ASD phenotype and its underlying etiology, such as diverse genetic variation and additional environmental risks with the related neurobiological mechanisms, discovering new pharmacological treatments for the condition is a huge challenge. This challenge is at the heart of this Special Issue. Here, we have collected a set of contributions providing state-of-the-art coverage, ranging from the theoretical framework, linking genetics to human behaviour and therapy, to initial practical examples of how genetics can provide valuable insights into the personalized clinical management of autistic individuals. To introduce the papers of this Special Issue, a broad summary of the many challenges related to the development of personalised medicine in ASD is given here. In the final statement from the editors, the specific contributions of the articles included in this Special Issue will be summarised.
