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Artificial Intelligence and the Two Singularities

Artificial Intelligence and the Two Singularities
Author: Calum Chace
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 376
Release: 2018-04-20
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 1351254448

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The science of AI was born a little over 60 years ago, but for most of that time its achievements were modest. In 2012 it experienced a big bang, when a branch of statistics called Machine Learning (and a sub-branch called Deep Learning) was applied to it. Now machines have surpassed humans in image recognition, and they are catching up with us at speech recognition and natural language processing. Every day, the media reports the launch of a new service, a new product, and a new demonstration powered by AI. When will it end? The surprising truth is, the AI revolution has only just begun. Artificial Intelligence and the Two Singularities argues that in the course of this century, the exponential growth in the capability of AI is likely to bring about two "singularities" - points at which conditions are so extreme that the normal rules break down. The first is the economic singularity, when machine skill reaches a level that renders many of us unemployable and requires an overhaul of our current economic and social systems. The second is the technological singularity, when machine intelligence reaches and then surpasses the cognitive abilities of an adult human, relegating us to the second smartest species on the planet. These singularities will present huge challenges, but this book argues that we can meet these challenges and overcome them. If we do, the rewards could be almost unimaginable. This book covers: • Recent developments in AI and its future potential • The economic singularity and the technological singularity in depth • The risks and opportunities presented by AI • What actions we should take Artificial intelligence can turn out to be the best thing ever to happen to humanity, making our future wonderful almost beyond imagination. But only if we address head-on the challenges that it will raise. Calum Chace is a best-selling author of fiction and non-fiction books and articles, focusing on the subject of artificial intelligence. He is a regular speaker on artificial intelligence and related technologies, and runs a blog on the subject at www.pandoras-brain. com. Prior to becoming a full-time writer and speaker, he spent 30 years in business as a marketer, a strategy consultant, and a CEO. He studied philosophy at Oxford University, where he discovered that the science fiction he had been reading since boyhood was simply philosophy in fancy dress.


The Singularity Is Near

The Singularity Is Near
Author: Ray Kurzweil
Publisher: Penguin
Total Pages: 992
Release: 2005-09-22
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 1101218886

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NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • Celebrated futurist Ray Kurzweil, hailed by Bill Gates as “the best person I know at predicting the future of artificial intelligence,” presents an “elaborate, smart, and persuasive” (The Boston Globe) view of the future course of human development. “Artfully envisions a breathtakingly better world.”—Los Angeles Times “Startling in scope and bravado.”—Janet Maslin, The New York Times “An important book.”—The Philadelphia Inquirer At the onset of the twenty-first century, humanity stands on the verge of the most transforming and thrilling period in its history. It will be an era in which the very nature of what it means to be human will be both enriched and challenged as our species breaks the shackles of its genetic legacy and achieves inconceivable heights of intelligence, material progress, and longevity. While the social and philosophical ramifications of these changes will be profound, and the threats they pose considerable, The Singularity Is Near presents a radical and optimistic view of the coming age that is both a dramatic culmination of centuries of technological ingenuity and a genuinely inspiring vision of our ultimate destiny.


The Singularity Is Nearer

The Singularity Is Nearer
Author: Ray Kurzweil
Publisher: Penguin
Total Pages: 344
Release: 2024-06-25
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 039956277X

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The noted inventor and futurist’s successor to his landmark book The Singularity Is Near explores how technology will transform the human race in the decades to come Since it was first published in 2005, Ray Kurzweil’s The Singularity Is Near and its vision of an exponential future have spawned a worldwide movement. Kurzweil's predictions about technological advancements have largely come true, with concepts like AI, intelligent machines, and biotechnology now widely familiar to the public. In this entirely new book Ray Kurzweil brings a fresh perspective to advances toward the Singularity—assessing his 1999 prediction that AI will reach human level intelligence by 2029 and examining the exponential growth of technology—that, in the near future, will expand human intelligence a millionfold and change human life forever. Among the topics he discusses are rebuilding the world, atom by atom with devices like nanobots; radical life extension beyond the current age limit of 120; reinventing intelligence by connecting our brains to the cloud; how exponential technologies are propelling innovation forward in all industries and improving all aspects of our well-being such as declining poverty and violence; and the growth of renewable energy and 3-D printing. He also considers the potential perils of biotechnology, nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence, including such topics of current controversy as how AI will impact employment and the safety of autonomous cars, and "After Life" technology, which aims to virtually revive deceased individuals through a combination of their data and DNA. The culmination of six decades of research on artificial intelligence, The Singularity Is Nearer is Ray Kurzweil’s crowning contribution to the story of this science and the revolution that is to come.


The Singularity

The Singularity
Author: David Chalmers
Publisher: Journal of Consciousness Studi
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2016-11
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 9781845409142

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Volume combining two special issues of the Journal of Consciousness Studies on the philosophical aspects of a possible artificial intelligence singularity.


The Singularity

The Singularity
Author: Uziel Awret
Publisher: Andrews UK Limited
Total Pages: 572
Release: 2016-11-23
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 1845409175

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This volume represents the combination of two special issues of the Journal of Consciousness Studies on the topic of the technological singularity. Could artificial intelligence really out-think us, and what would be the likely repercussions if it could? Leading authors contribute to the debate, which takes the form of a target chapter by philosopher David Chalmers, plus commentaries from the likes of Daniel Dennett, Nick Bostrom, Ray Kurzweil, Ben Goertzel, Frank Tipler, among many others. Chalmers then responds to the commentators to round off the discussion.


Surviving AI

Surviving AI
Author: Calum Chace
Publisher: Three CS
Total Pages: 208
Release: 2015-07-29
Genre: Artificial intelligence
ISBN: 9780993211621

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Artificial intelligence is our most powerful technology, and in the coming decades it will change everything in our lives. If we get it right it will make humans almost godlike. If we get it wrong... well, extinction is not the worst possible outcome. "Surviving AI" is a concise, easy-to-read guide to what's coming, taking you through technological unemployment (the economic singularity) and the possible creation of a superintelligence (the technological singularity). Here's what some of the leading thinkers in the field have to say about it: A sober and easy-to-read review of the risks and opportunities that humanity will face from AI. Jaan Tallinn - co-founder of Skype Understanding AI - its promise and its dangers - is emerging as one of the great challenges of coming decades and this is an invaluable guide to anyone who's interested, confused, excited or scared. David Shukman - BBC Science Editor We have recently seen a surge in the volume of scholarly analysis of this topic; Chace impressively augments that with this high-quality, more general-audience discussion. Aubrey de Grey - CSO of SENS Research Foundation; former AI researcher It's rare to see a book about the potential End of the World that is fun to read without descending into sensationalism or crass oversimplification. Ben Goertzel - chairman of Novamente LLC Calum Chace is a prescient messenger of the risks and rewards of artificial intelligence. In "Surviving AI" he has identified the most essential issues and developed them with insight and wit - so that the very framing of the questions aids our search for answers. Chace's sensible balance between AI's promise and peril makes "Surviving AI" an excellent primer for anyone interested in what's happening, how we got here, and where we are headed. Kenneth Cukier - co-author of "Big Data" If you're not thinking about AI, you're not thinking. "Surviving AI" combines an essential grounding in the state of the art with a survey of scenarios that will be discussed with equal vigor at cocktail parties and academic colloquia. Chris Meyer - author of"Blur," "It's Alive," and "Standing on the Sun" The appearance of Calum Chace's book is of some considerable personal satisfaction to me, because it signifies the fact that the level of social awareness of the rise of massively intelligent machines has finally reached the mainstream. If you want to survive the next few decades, you cannot afford NOT to read Chace's book. Prof. Dr. Hugo de Garis - former director of the Artificial Brain Lab, Xiamen University, China "Surviving AI" is an exceptionally clear, well-researched and balanced introduction to a complex and controversial topic, and is a compelling read to boot. Sean O hEigeartaigh -executive director of Cambridge Centre for the Study of Existential Risk In"Surviving AI," Calum Chace provides a marvellously accessible guide to the swirls of controversy that surround discussion of whatis likely to be the single most important event in human history -the emergence of artificial superintelligence. Throughout, "Surviving AI"remains clear and jargon-free. David Wood - chair of London Futurists Artificial intelligence is the most important technology of our era. Technological unemployment could force us to adopt an entirely new economic structure, and the creation of superintelligence would be the biggest event in human history. "Surviving AI" is a first-class introduction to all of this. Brad Feld - co-founder of Techstars"


The Economic Singularity

The Economic Singularity
Author: Calum Chace
Publisher: Three CS
Total Pages: 322
Release: 2016-07-18
Genre:
ISBN: 9780993211645

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"Read The Economic Singularity if you want to think intelligently about the future." Aubrey de Grey Artificial intelligence (AI) is overtaking our human ability to absorb and process information. Robots are becoming increasingly dextrous, flexible, and safe to be around (except the military ones). It is our most powerful technology, and you need to understand it. This new book from best-selling AI writer Calum Chace argues that within a few decades, most humans will not be able to work for money. Self-driving cars will probably be the canary in the coal mine, providing a wake-up call for everyone who isn't yet paying attention. All jobs will be affected, from fast food McJobs to lawyers and journalists. This is the single most important development facing humanity in the first half of the 21st century. The fashionable belief that Universal Basic Income is the solution is only partly correct. We are probably going to need an entirely new economic system, and we better start planning soon - for the Economic Singularity! The outcome can be very good - a world in which machines do all the boring jobs and humans do pretty much what they please. But there are major risks, which we can only avoid by being alert to the possible futures and planning how to avoid the negative ones."


Technological singularity, a grandiose dream: A would-be glorious achievement for its proponents, but an idea eliciting second thoughts from the sceptic

Technological singularity, a grandiose dream: A would-be glorious achievement for its proponents, but an idea eliciting second thoughts from the sceptic
Author: Fritz Dufour, Linguist, MBA, DESS
Publisher: Fritz Dufour
Total Pages: 6
Release: 2017-06-08
Genre: Computers
ISBN:

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Technological singularity is a term that hasn’t sunk in yet. Ask the average person about it and you’ll likely get an answer that sounds like: “what’s that?”, “what do you mean?”. When I first heard the term, my first thought was: we will use just one technology for everything instead of a variety of them. I was far from thinking it’s will be something created by Mankind but that will spell the end of our own species. In other words, a self-inflicted wound. 2045 is an unrealistic date when we consider the implications of technological singularity. The information revolution started during World War II. In roughly 75 years, since the advent of Intranet of the US Department of Defense, the first computers (Colossus in Britain and ENIAC in the United States), and later the Internet followed by the democratization of personal computers, smartphones and other connected devices, our lifestyle has drastically changed. Overly optimistic scholars and visionaries have gone so far as to predict a potential takeover of the planet by homegrown machines. That idea or suggestion, although in line with current trends in technological advances, is flawed. It’s a big dream, a grandiose dream, and there is nothing wrong with dreaming big. But the end results of technological singularity, if the latter ever materializes, wouldn’t even qualify to be labeled a technological revolution, when compared to the agricultural, the writing, the printing, the industrial, and the information revolutions. Why is that?


The Technological Singularity

The Technological Singularity
Author: Murray Shanahan
Publisher: MIT Press
Total Pages: 269
Release: 2015-08-07
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 0262331837

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The idea of technological singularity, and what it would mean if ordinary human intelligence were enhanced or overtaken by artificial intelligence. The idea that human history is approaching a “singularity”—that ordinary humans will someday be overtaken by artificially intelligent machines or cognitively enhanced biological intelligence, or both—has moved from the realm of science fiction to serious debate. Some singularity theorists predict that if the field of artificial intelligence (AI) continues to develop at its current dizzying rate, the singularity could come about in the middle of the present century. Murray Shanahan offers an introduction to the idea of the singularity and considers the ramifications of such a potentially seismic event. Shanahan's aim is not to make predictions but rather to investigate a range of scenarios. Whether we believe that singularity is near or far, likely or impossible, apocalypse or utopia, the very idea raises crucial philosophical and pragmatic questions, forcing us to think seriously about what we want as a species. Shanahan describes technological advances in AI, both biologically inspired and engineered from scratch. Once human-level AI—theoretically possible, but difficult to accomplish—has been achieved, he explains, the transition to superintelligent AI could be very rapid. Shanahan considers what the existence of superintelligent machines could mean for such matters as personhood, responsibility, rights, and identity. Some superhuman AI agents might be created to benefit humankind; some might go rogue. (Is Siri the template, or HAL?) The singularity presents both an existential threat to humanity and an existential opportunity for humanity to transcend its limitations. Shanahan makes it clear that we need to imagine both possibilities if we want to bring about the better outcome.


The Second Singularity

The Second Singularity
Author: Pravir Malik
Publisher: Pravir Malik
Total Pages: 370
Release: 2019-11-24
Genre: Mathematics
ISBN: 1734274301

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It has been said that the future of Life is about Artificial Intelligence (AI) and that as AI advances a point will be reached, the Singularity, when humans will no longer have a clue as to what is going on nor why. Essentially as a species, humans will at this point have been marginalized by a global, singular intelligence, whose capabilities far outstrip human intelligence. On the contrary, this book will make the case that the future of Life is enabled by the pre-existent complexity that exists in every iota of it and that there have already been a series of light-based epiphanies by virtue of which Life in its continuing complexities has emerged as partial-singularities, and further, will culminate in a Second Singularity as more of our species consciously opens to the fullness of Light. The power and capabilities of the Second Singularity will far outstrip any AI-based singularity. This pre-existent complexity derives from the fact that Light exists in multiple states simultaneously. Hence, there is a fundamental and single light-based edifice that informs our universe, and it is by virtue of this light-based edifice that all matter, all life, all mind, and all emergences beyond the level of mind will surface. The future of life, hence, cannot be due to AI. At best, AI, can create a process by which many tasks that usually require utilization of the fundamental light-derived capacity of intelligence in order to be completed, can be completed by an exhaustively repetitive running of algorithms driven by massive computing power, hence giving the illusion of intelligence. Projected forward, the exhaustively repetitive running of algorithms driven by massive computing power, endow a practically ubiquitous digitally-enabled strata to control many tasks, and this may create the phenomenon of a “singularity” – in which humankind effectively cannot even fathom how things are happening anymore and is seemingly outpaced and outthought at every step in every direction by an ‘intelligence’ that appears to be all-knowing, all-present, and all-powerful. But this kind of singularity is fundamentally separated from the light-based edifice behind all things, and from which all things rise. It is hence not a true singularity in the sense of a finite function assuming infinite value, but is fundamentally limited in its scope by virtue of its disconnection from the founts of Life. This does not preclude an AI-based singularity from having massive practical power that can have an enormous destructive or constructive effect on humankind and material life. What it does mean though is that there is another singularity, a human-founded singularity, the Second Singularity, which can exceed the limits of any AI-based singularity due to its fundamental union with the light-based edifice that is behind and informs all of Life. The possible human-founded singularity, it will be discovered, is one in a long series of naturally occurring though partial-singularities that derive their existence from a fundamental union with the light-based edifice behind all things. Such partial-singularities are characterized by having all the power of the light-edifice behind them, though the emergences in such partial-singularities are not necessarily aware of their oneness with the light-based edifice. In the Second Singularity humans become aware of such oneness, becoming conscious projections animated by a single intelligence, love, and power of which they are a part. It is hence no more the human-level capacity that drives such humans, but the infinite capacities of the one light-based edifice that drives. This book focuses on the mathematics of emergence of these naturally occurring partial-singularities, leading up to the possible human-founded singularity that will endow humankind with the potential for extraordinary capacities.